Not only is Korean an increasingly popular choice of study as a foreign language, now South Korea is also promoting the use of the Hangul script to write languages other than Korean – that is according to the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, AlertNet, the Language Museum Blog, the Language Log and many others. So, what’s the story?
Backed by Ms Lee, a 75-year-old real estate millionaire, the Hunminjeongeum Society is on a mission to save small languages from extinction by giving them a written form. She has donated a large part of her fortune to this project and likes to think of herself as the linguistic equivalent to Médecins Sans Frontières. In that she is no different than a plethora of linguists and missionaries, mostly out of North America, who devote their efforts to saving endangered, dying and dead languages. I reported on one such project recently. How come the Hunminjeongeum Society is drawing so much media attention then? Instead of the Roman alphabet, they are proposing to use the Hangul script to bring literacy to the speakers of those endangered languages!
So far, the Hunminjeongeum Society seems to have met with limited success: according to the New York Times article, to date the Hangul script has been introduced to only one language, Cia-Cia of Buton Island in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia, and actually to only about 50 speakers of that language. Nine of those were recently visiting Seoul and signed a memorandum of understanding for Ms Lee’s foundation to create a Korea Center in Bau-Bau City, Buton Island’s center of 60,000 inhabitants. According to the Korean Herald
The [Korea] center, which is expected to open next spring on the island, will teach Hangeul and Korean to local people and document the Cia-Cia’s culture, history and folktales.
The combination of the provision of literacy in the native language and the teaching of a metropolitan language is clearly modeled on the practices of missionary linguists who for some time have relied heavily on literacy support for endangered languages combined with English teaching as their way to spread the gospel (Pennycook & Coutand-Marin, 2003).
Missionary linguists from the English-speaking world count their successes in millions rather than double digits. Even so, they do not seem to get as much negative press as the efforts of the Hunminjeongeum Society do. The New York Times quotes the Indonesian ambassador to South Korea as saying “The Cia-Cia […] don’t need to import the Hangul characters. They can always write their local languages in the Roman characters.” – as if the Roman alphabet were an inherently superior choice.
On the Language Log, Victor Mair lists a range of questionable assumptions surrounding the project. One such questionable assumption is that having a written form will save the language from disappearing. Very true – as Peter Mühlhäusler documents in his 1996 book Linguistic ecology. Mühlhäusler shows that codifying a vernacular language by giving it a written form can actually hasten rather than halt a language’s demise. This is because, for one thing, one variety out of many has to be chosen for codification resulting in a loss of linguistic diversity. Second, once speakers have learnt how to read and write in their own language they look around and see that apart from graded readers and the bible there is very little reading material available in their newly-written language and thus they take their newly-acquired reading habits elsewhere: to a language where more interesting reading materials are available. Problem with Mair’s critique is that the principle of codification per se is problematic rather than in which alphabet you do the codifying.
On the Language Museum Blog, Michelle tut-tuts “What do you think? Is it appropriate to apply the Korean alphabet to completely different languages?” Well, it doesn’t bother me any more than applying the Latin alphabet to “completely different languages” – it has worked out ok for, let’s say, English.
I agree with all the concerns out there – even the China Daily’s worry that there might be cultural imperialism at work. Of course, there is. According to Seoul Village, Professor Kim Ju-Won, the president of the Hunminjeongeum Society doesn’t even mince words about the ulterior motives of the project:
In the long run, the spread of Hangeul will also help enhance Korea’s economy as it will activate exchanges with societies that use the language.
It is the double standard that irks me: when the Koreans are trying to spread their script and their language in the same way the British and American empires have been spreading their script and their language for centuries, it suddenly dawns on all those critical thinkers out there that there might be something wrong with the practice…
The way I see it, the Cia-Cia have acted as discerning consumers of development aid in the global marketplace: the Korean offer of literacy and language tuition comes with a range of concrete benefits and material goodies thrown in and the offer was obviously better than any they might have received from anyone trying to save their language with Roman characters. I say good on the Cia-Cia! I wish them well, and I’m sure we’ll see more and more of this kind of language competition.
References
Mühlhäusler, Peter (1996). Linguistic ecology: language change and linguistic imperialism in the Pacific region Routledge
Pennycook, A., & Coutand-Marin, S. (2003). Teaching English as a Missionary Language Discourse, 24 (3), 337-353 DOI: 10.1080/0159630032000172524
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Hangeul is fine for Korean. Centuries ago it was consciously made to fit Korean phonology. That is what makes it “scientific”. If you happen to have a language with the same range of phonemes, or a phoneme set that is a subset of Korean sounds, then there is no technical reason not to use it for another language. In practice, the sound systems of no two languages are quite the same, and often they diverge widely. The practical effect of applying hangeul to other languages would be to assign new sound values to existing hangeul symbols and, very likely, to find it necessary to invent new “hangeul” symbols. Of course, all of this confusion has happened countless times with so-called Latin alphabets to the point that the term “Latin” is no more than a courtesy salute to ancient history. Indonesians, for example, certainly don’t see their “Latin” alphabet as having anything to do with some branch of European languages. It is just a convenient set of symbols available on the mass market.
@Thor may: actually the Korean alphabet is like one of the only featural representing orthography. it can easily fit many languages with minor adjustments which is much easier and readily available than creating isolated completely new orthographic systems for each marginal tribe.
It being made to represent the sounds of Korean is not what makes it “scientific” lol
It is scientific because it’s system represents sounds in a systematic manner.
It’s interesting to see white people expect the whole world to learn Engish but balk at another language writing system be used to help a language retain itself.
I’d also like to add, this is about hangul alphabet being used as a “toolkit” to help retain their own native languages. This is Not Korean language ITSELF being pushed like how English language is.
Fascinating – thanks for bringing this, a new twist on the discourse of linguistic imperialism, to our attention. I know it’s highly unlikely, but I can easily imagine what kind of response there would be if the Japanese joined in this language competition;-)
Congratulations for being selected as the Editor’s selections! How exciting!
In Free Ling conference held in Sydney university in October 2009, I attended a presentation by a Korean PhD student, Beam Lim, in Korea University in Seoul. According to Lim, there are several groups of people who try to distribute Korean writing system to speakers of endangered languages, mainly in the Philippines, China and Indonesia, and who mainly are missionaries. He studies Nurigeul writing system which is an extended version of the Hunminjeongeum, the original form of ‘Hangeul (Korean writing system)’.
Lim, also a missionary, has been teaching the Nurigeul writing system to Vajao speakers in the Philippines. Vajao is one of the preliterate language, which is spoken in South-Eastern Asia and has 52,000 native speakers in the Philippines. And, some years ago, Roman alphabet was introduced for writing and reading for this language, but failed due to the difficulties in learning the writing systems and no chances of formal education, Lim said. As Hangeul is known one of the most scientific writing system, so easy to learn. Actually, some years ago, I taught my friend who speaks only English the Korean writing system, and she could write her name in Korean after my only 3 min. description of the writing system. Also, when I lived with Chinese housemate, I sometimes taught her the Korean writing system and she could read and write some letters following some very short Korean expressions, although she couldn’t speak Korean. Also, Lim said that the Hangeul writing system is now used in the village in which he used to teach, and 90% of people are literate now. In this regard, the Korean writing system may powerfully contribute to halt or hasten a language’s demise, as Peter Muhlhausler mentioned. I found that Tagalog, Malay and Indonesian languages in South-Eastern Asia have implemented Roman writing system which is the most globalized, and I am very curious about what consequences it has brought to the languages.